Egypt: From the Street’s Triumph to failed Transition

In January-February 2011, a nationwide uprising ousted Hosni Mubarak, ruling for 30 years, after 18 days of mobilisation. The transition was handed to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), which ruled by decree and redrew the roadmap alone. The political landscape was uneven: few structured civil organisations, facing the army and the only robust partisan force, the Muslim Brotherhood.

The Tahrir forces [efn_note]Tahrir stands for Liberation, It is a square in Cairo where the 2011 protests took place[/efn_note] were underprepared for the “ after ”, they could mobilise fast but lacked structure for the post-Mubarak phase: fragile organisations, no shared platform, and no decision-making chain. The street rallied together, but struggled to coordinate, negotiate, and govern as a unified coalition.

Elections were organised quickly, without a clear transition framework. This resulted in a mechanical advantage for actors already implanted, especially the Muslim Brotherhood, and a rapid polarisation with secular movements. Without agreed rules of the game, elections accelerate competition rather than stabilising the transition.

New forces born from the uprising failed to govern together: institutional conflict, economic and security crisis, and growing perception of civil failure. In June and July 2013, massive protests erupted against Morsi, the Muslim Brotherhood-backed president elected after the 2011 uprising. On July 3, the military staged a coup: the constitution was suspended and a crackdown followed. Under Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, authoritarian rule consolidated as political space narrowed and mass arrests escalated.